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National quantum strategies

Showcasing national visions and policies for a quantum future

Over the past few years, many countries around the globe have introduced focused strategies for quantum technologies. These plans articulate national ambitions to leverage quantum opportunities, address potential risks, and secure a strategic advantage as the technology advances. As with other cutting-edge fields, quantum technology development demands considerable resources – including advanced hardware, specialised infrastructure, skilled expertise and long-term, risk-tolerant funding. National strategies play an important role in signalling commitment to such investments, coordinating fragmented efforts across a country’s ecosystem, and providing a framework for long-term public–private collaboration.

To better understand the diverse range of national quantum technology strategies, we have begun developing a series of tools. These tools are designed to help users navigate, understand and compare the growing landscape of efforts across countries to design and implement their national strategies.

Explore the interactive map and table below to examine how countries around the world are shaping their national quantum technology strategies. Each tool integrates relevant information from the strategies – where available – and structured insights across QTOPS’s seven priority policy areas of focus (i.e. Education, skills and workforce development; Research and innovation leadership; Governance, ethics and responsible innovation; Applications, commercialisation and societal impact; Security and privacy risks; Global cooperation; and Infrastructure, access and supply chains). Over the coming months, we will expand our suite of tools and present further analyses of our living database of national quantum technology strategies to support evidence-based policymaking and strategic comparison. In parallel, we will continue to enrich our database by incorporating newly published national quantum technology strategies, ensuring the tools remain current and reflective of global developments.

What’s included in each tool?

The world map displays one strategy per country. Click on a country to view a pop-up summary including the strategy title and publication date, QTOPS policy areas featured, categories of quantum technologies included, and a direct link to the strategy. 

Source: RAND Europe analysis. © OpenStreetMap

The table presents each national quantum strategy in a searchable format – one per row – with key details including country, responsible agency, publication date, QTOPS policy area tags, and concise qualitative summaries for each policy area. A direct link to the source document is also provided via an embedded link to support further review.

Please scroll horizontally and vertically to view information in the table.

Note: Both tools are based on the same underlying dataset and tagging logic and are updated as new strategies emerge. In the current pilot version of QTOPS, the data in the tools are best viewed on a desktop rather than a mobile device. In future iterations of QTOPS, we plan to optimise the tools for use across mobile platforms as well.

Country	Strategy	Government Agency	Date Published	Strategic Themes	Research & Innovation Leadership	Education, Skills & Workforce Development	Governance, Ethics & Responsible Innovation	Applications, Commercialisation & Societal Impact	Security & Privacy Risks	Global Cooperation	Infrastructure, Access & Supply Chains
Australia	National Quantum Strategy: Building a thriving future with Australia’s quantum advantage	Australian Government Department of Industry, Science and Resources	May-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Australia’s National Quantum Strategy is embedded within the government’s broader agenda for critical technologies. Quantum technologies are expected to play an important role in Australia’s future economic growth, and the strategy articulates the country’s need to consolidate global leadership on a highly competitive international stage. The strategy seeks to leverage the country’s established technology base and existing supply chains, creating a pipeline of quantum firms that can scale nationally and internationally. Key measures to achieve this include mobilising national investments through the National Reconstruction Fund and complementary programmes to translate research into commercial opportunities.	Developing a skilled, diverse, and resilient workforce is a central goal of the strategy, with quantum technologies expected to generate well-paid and productive jobs across multiple fields. The government plans to release a quantum workforce report to model future talent requirements, alongside a pipeline approach that embeds STEM and quantum literacy at all levels of education. This includes broadening participation by underrepresented groups, and recognising that the ecosystem requires not only physicists and engineers but also technicians, educators, communicators, managers, and specialists in application areas. Australia also aims to remain an attractive destination for global talent to strengthen its workforce base.	Public trust and responsible innovation serve as key principles of Australia’s approach to quantum technology. The strategy stresses the need to grow the national ecosystem while safeguarding national wellbeing. This includes exploring the introduction of standards and regulatory mechanisms where appropriate, strengthening diversity and representation within the sector, and ensuring that Australia contributes actively to international standard-setting processes in collaboration with industry and global partners.	The strategy identifies opportunities for quantum applications across several sectors, highlighting case studies in fields like transportation, mineral exploration, medicine, and financial services. It also emphasises the importance of directing innovation towards addressing national challenges. Accelerating translation and uptake is an important challenge included in the strategy; to this end, the government intends to support commercialisation through programmes facilitating university–industry collaborations, targeted use case exploration programmes, and dedicated funding mechanisms.	Quantum technologies are recognised as both a strategic opportunity and a potential national security risk. The strategy highlights both implications and applications for defence, intelligence, encryption, sensing, computing, and communications, while warning that delayed investment could see Australia excluded from critical developments. At the same time, it acknowledges the need to balance regulation to protect national interests with the risk of stifling commercialisation and innovation. Maintaining public trust is also underlined as essential, ensuring that security measures and policy choices strengthen rather than hinder Australia’s role in the quantum domain.	The strategy sees global collaboration as vital to Australia’s success in quantum both in order to support the country’s leadership in the field, and to ensure it remains part of the international quantum community, in particular given its relatively small domestic market. The strategy underscores participation in international norms and standards, the importance of cooperation with trusted partners (including through AUKUS, the Quad, regional initiatives, and university consortia), and its support in ensuring global supply chains’ resilience.	The strategy aims to ensure Australia’s research base has access to critical infrastructure. To this end, the government will undertake a national audit of quantum facilities, identify gaps that should be addressed with investment, and explore interventions such as access to flexible fabrication plants to support translation into applications. Recognising the complexity of global supply chains, the strategy highlights the need to monitor risks and opportunities, increase domestic manufacturing capacity, and integrate quantum infrastructure more tightly with broader research assets.
Canada	Canada's National Quantum Strategy II	Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada	Jan-2022	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy positions Canada as a “quantum pioneer” and aims to make the country a world leader in the development, deployment, and use of quantum computing hardware and software. It emphasises the importance of both basic and applied research, building on Canada’s established leadership achieved through decades of investment in quantum science and the growth of its domestic industry (with leading companies such as D0Wave, 1Qbit, or Xanadu). Collaboration across government, academia, and the private sector is seen as essential for achieving this. The strategy also highlights sensing technologies as an area where Canada can capitalise on existing strengths and push innovation forward.	Canada aims to develop, attract, and retain quantum talent, while also creating conditions to sustain a vibrant start-up ecosystem that can serve as a magnet for skilled workers. The government recognises the need for expertise that goes beyond quantum physics, extending into engineering, business, social sciences, and the humanities to support commercialisation and adoption. Alternative training pathways such as internships, traineeships, and mobility programmes are highlighted as tools to foster skill development, alongside closer integration between education and industry. The strategy also places a strong emphasis on equity, diversity, and inclusion in building the talent pipeline, ensuring that Canada’s quantum ecosystem reflects broad participation.	The strategy recognises the importance of ethical considerations and the role of social science research - supported, for instance, through Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council-funded studies, in guiding responsible quantum innovation. Governance is anchored by the Quantum Advisory Council, which provides impartial expert advice, and supported by an inter-departmental Quantum Committee that coordinates activities across government and the wider ecosystem.	Commercialisation is positioned as a core element of Canada’s quantum strategy. Quantum sensing is identified as a near-term opportunity for sectors such as mining and defence. In parallel, quantum computing hardware, software, and quantum communications are recognised as having wider transformative potential, including applications in personalised medicine, supply chain optimisation, climate modelling, advanced manufacturing, financial services, and digital security. To accelerate adoption, the government aims to de-risk product development through targeted public investment, support for early adopters, and funding for demonstrations and field-tests. The strategy also emphasises the need to foster stronger connections between researchers, developers, and user communities, with government procurement and performance standards used as levers. The strategy highlights the importance of establishing clear and effective intellectual property policies. Finally, it prioritises measures to enable hybrid quantum–classical computing as a pathway towards scalable and commercially viable applications.	Security is one of the three missions of the strategy: to “ensure the privacy and cyber-security of Canadians in a quantum-enabled world.” This includes establishing a national secure quantum communications network and advancing post-quantum cryptography. Canada is adopting a proactive approach by developing new cryptographic protocols, ensuring interoperability, and testing commercial prototypes for cyber resilience. The strategy also recognises the dual-use nature of quantum technologies, emphasising the importance of collaboration with trusted allies to mitigate risks.	Canada's strategy features commitments to contribute to global standards-setting and to pursue joint research with trusted partners. The strategy recognises that access to global ideas, talent, and markets is critical for Canada, while also acknowledging the risks of sharing sensitive knowledge in an area with national security implications. Alongside global cooperation, the strategy underscores the importance of coordination across Canada’s provinces.	Canada’s strategy commitment to building and maintaining robust research infrastructure is supported through mechanisms such as the federal research funding and regional quantum hubs. Canada's national strategy emphasises the need to secure critical infrastructure and strengthen supply chain resilience, ensuring access to key components for computing, sensing, and communications systems. Broad-based access to quantum computing and communications platforms is a priority, enabling researchers and industry across the country to experiment and innovate. To overcome barriers in scaling innovations beyond proof of concept, the strategy supports demonstration platforms alongside programmes designed to connect researchers, developers, and end users.
Denmark	National Strategy for Quantum Technology: Part 1 – World-Class Research and Innovation Part 2 – Commercialisation, Security and International Cooperation	Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs	Jun-2023 Sep-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Denmark's national strategy aims to spur investment across the full quantum technology value chain, from basic science through to applied research, testing, and standard development. The strategy includes gradual shift of strategic focus - a long-term research and innovation programme running to 2030 will shift emphasis from early-stage research towards application development and demonstration. A flagship initiative will be the creation of a Quantum Excellence Center dedicated to the development and testing of quantum algorithms, consolidating Denmark’s strengths in software and ensuring that academic advances can be tested, scaled, and commercialised.	Developing a skilled workforce is identified as critical to sustaining Denmark’s leadership in quantum technology development. The strategy prioritises support for young researchers such as PhDs and postdoctoral fellows, while also promoting interdisciplinarity to integrate quantum with fields such as engineering, business, and the social sciences. A national skills-building effort will be launched in tandem with participation in EU training and mobility programmes, ensuring Denmark remains an attractive destination for talent.		With commercialisation as a a central theme, the strategy references demonstration projects, which will aim to showcase the value of quantum technologies in areas such as drug discovery, financial modelling, climate prediction, logistics optimisation, diagnostics, cryptography, and advanced materials. Entrepreneurship is supported through a national programme, alongside initiatives to raise awareness of opportunities in quantum technology among Danish firms. Denmark also intends to explore applications in the European space domain, such as equipping Earth observation satellites with quantum technologies to improve climate modelling and the resilience of satellite services.	The strategy places strong emphasis on building standards to ensure trust, interoperability, and resilience in the quantum domain. It recognises the dual-use nature of quantum technologies and stresses the importance of research security to mitigate risks, safeguard critical knowledge, and protect national interests.	As a small, but open economy, Denmark frames international cooperation as essential for securing access to knowledge, talent, investment, and markets. The strategy prioritises participation in EU programmes while also strengthening collaboration with NATO allies and other like-minded partners. At the same time, the strategy underscores the need to balance openness with safeguards against dual-use risks. Denmark also aims to raise the global profile of its quantum technology industry, promoting its ecosystem abroad to attract partners and investment.	Infrastructure is an important component of the strategy. It highlights the importance of laboratories, specialist equipment, computing platforms, and test and demonstration facilities to validate quantum technologies. Funding is earmarked for research infrastructure, which will be complemented by Denmark's participation in international facilities to expand capacity. A dedicated programme will provide Danish researchers and students with user access to quantum computer platforms, ensuring broad-based engagement and hands-on experience. Supply chain resilience is recognised as essential, linking national capabilities with global collaborations to secure critical inputs.
European Union	Quantum Europe Strategy: Quantum Europe in a Changing World	European Commission	Jul-2025	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy notes that EU already holds a strong position in quantum science, with the world’s largest concentration of quantum talent, leadership in publications, strong public investment, and active startup ecosystems. However, excellence in research has not yet translated into industrial leadership. To bridge this gap, the strategy supports the launch of the Quantum Europe Research and Innovation Initiative to pool Member State resources and reduce fragmentation. This effort will support the entire research and innovation chain, from foundational science, to enabling technologies, pilot lines, design tools, and application development. National quantum clusters and hybrid quantum–classical supercomputing centres will be linked into a coordinated European network. The strategy has also set a target for 2035, where Europe will become the first continent to operate platforms with thousands of error-corrected qubits.	The strategy ties into the Union of Skills agenda, aiming to scale training and mobility programmes to secure a pipeline of quantum experts. The strategy calls for expanding quantum technology and science education across all levels, from school initiatives and joint university programmes to advanced training for researchers and industry professionals. Pilot apprenticeships, public competitions, and awareness-raising campaigns will engage young people, while international mobility schemes will keep talent circulating across Member States and with global partners.		The strategy notes the promise that quantum technologies hold for drug discovery, advanced materials, energy storage, logistics, finance, climate modelling, digital security, quantum-safe communications, and sensing for healthcare, defence, and space. Yet Europe struggles to turn scientific excellence into market leadership: patent activity lags behind global competitors, and startups face fragile revenue streams, scarce scale-up capital, and weak industrial demand. To close this gap, the strategy commits to using public procurement as a lever for early adoption, creating stable demand for emerging solutions. New financing instruments, including the Scaleup Europe Fund, will channel investment into quantum ventures, while demonstration projects will help validate technologies and reduce risks for first movers.	The strategy recognises that quantum technologies carry major security implications, with potential applications in navigation, defence, intelligence, and secure communications. At the same time, their dual-use nature and the threat to current cryptographic systems create significant risks. To address this, the EU will implement a roadmap for post-quantum cryptography to safeguard digital infrastructure, invest in terrestrial quantum links and space-based QKD satellites to establish a secure European communication network by 2030, and set up a dedicated QKD testing and evaluation facility to guarantee interoperability and trust.	The strategy openly acknowledges that fragmentation across Member States – where national and regional programmes duplicate efforts, compete for talent, and use resources inefficiently – undermines Europe’s ability to scale. Stronger internal cooperation is therefore framed as the foundation for global influence, with EU-level coordination intended to pool expertise, build critical mass, and reduce waste. Externally, the EU will deepen engagement with like-minded partners through trade dialogues, alliances, and participation in international standards bodies. Research security is emphasised to ensure that collaboration does not compromise strategic autonomy, particularly given the dual-use nature of quantum technologies.	The strategy treats large-scale infrastructure as essential to Europe’s quantum ambitions, recognising that without EU-level investment, access to advanced systems would remain prohibitively expensive or technically out of reach for many stakeholders. To overcome this, the EU will establish a network of open-access testbeds where researchers, startups, and companies can experiment, benchmark, and certify devices. Particular emphasis is placed on quantum chips, with the EU Chips Act funding six pilot lines to prototype and scale low-cost production, positioning chips as the backbone of quantum industrialisation. Ecosystem services such as IP support are also seen as key to sustaining the industry. Finally, the strategy acknowledges the complexity of global supply chains and commits to a Union-wide risk assessment to identify vulnerabilities, dependencies, and bottlenecks across the entire value chain.
Finland	Finland’s Quantum Technology Strategy 2025–2035: A new engine of growth and builder for a sustainable future	Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland	May-2025	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy notes that Finland enters the quantum race with strong capabilities in cryogenics, superconductivity, photonics, semiconductors, and algorithm development, and is among the few countries able to produce entire quantum computers. Yet research funding has been modest and largely bottom-up, leaving gaps in long-term direction. To address this, the strategy proposes a comprehensive quantum RDI programme with multi-annual funding to provide predictability, supported by public–private co-financing. Investments will also target end-user companies and downstream activities, ensuring that Finland’s scientific strengths translate into industrial growth and market impact.	The strategy calls for versatile training pathways that integrate quantum education across all levels of schooling, supported by strong industry–academia partnerships to ensure relevance for business. International talent will be actively attracted through exchange programmes, traineeships, and research cooperation, while a new Quantum Competence Centre will coordinate national skills development and provide diverse, flexible career paths.		By 2035, the strategy envisions quantum technologies as a normal part of business and society, delivering applications even before error-corrected computers reach maturity. To make this possible, Finland will expand long-term funding not only for R&D but also for application development and deployment, enabling businesses to move quickly once technological breakthroughs occur. Commercialisation will be supported through risk financing for startups and scaleups, alongside direct funding for end-users and incentives such as tax reliefs for high-value industrial investments.	By 2035, Finland aims to have fully deployed quantum-secure encryption, deploying post-quantum cryptography and conducting R&D in quantum key distribution. Proactive risk management and strong cooperation with allies is also noted as essential, with measures such as export controls needing be harmonised with the EU and like-minded partners. The strategy also highlights the need for robust research security and awareness among national authorities, ensuring that security capabilities evolve alongside quantum technologies.	Finland's strategy prioritises being a trusted international partner, calls for aligning export controls with the EU and allies, and seeks integration into global value chains and networks. The strategy seeks to embed Finnish companies into international markets and value chains, while ensuring strong representation in EU and international policy discussions on topics such as research security, standardisation, supply chain resilience, and RDI funding. Match-funding for EU programmes is promised in order to guarantee that Finnish actors can participate fully in European initiatives.	Infrastructure development is central to Finland’s 2035 vision. The strategy sets the goal of producing a 1,000 error-corrected logical-qubit quantum computer, alongside broader infrastructure development. Achieving this requires long-term investment in infrastructure in quantum enabling technologies, and linkages with high-performance computing and AI, combined with strong expertise and a supportive funding environment as key ecosystem features.
France	National Strategy on Quantum Technologies	Ministry of Higher Education and Research	Jan-2021	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	France aims to secure a leadership position in quantum technology development, with quantum computing as the central focus. The strategy sets the ambition to be among the first nations to develop a universal quantum computer and to establish an industrial supply chain for isotopically enriched Si-28, critical for silicon-based qubit production. A world-first hybrid quantum computing infrastructure will be developed, combining classical and quantum hardware and software. The strategy calls for building on strengths in fundamental research, technological development, and the national microelectronics industry. It also prioritises advances in quantum sensing technologies and the development of secure quantum communication systems.	The strategy sets a target of creating 16,000 direct and indirect jobs by 2030, underpinned by a transversal approach to human capital development. Training will be delivered across multiple levels, including research, technical and engineering pathways, and lifelong learning, with interdisciplinary curricula covering quantum physics, algorithms, and engineering. Dedicated programmes will support the training of quantum hardware and software specialists, supported by mentoring and continuous professional development to strengthen the industrial workforce.		The strategy highlights several potential socio-economic impacts of quantum: new therapies and drug design, sustainable fertiliser production, climate change mitigation through carbon capture, disaster prediction via earth observation, route optimisation, advanced chemistry, secure communications, and defence readiness. To accelerate commercialisation, France will deploy pilot production lines, develop specialised applications for quantum sensors (navigation, seismography, magnetometry, and earth observation), and support challenge-based programmes to identify civil markets beyond defence. Ecosystem growth will be reinforced through two dedicated investment funds, mobilising existing instruments, and innovation hubs to strengthen entrepreneurship and technology transfer in this high-risk field.	Technological sovereignty is a key driver of the strategy, with France seeking to be at the forefront of universal quantum computing and to ensure resilience in security. The strategy supports the transition to post-quantum cryptography by investing in algorithm development, hardware implementation, and validation of solutions. It also addresses the cybersecurity of quantum communication systems, recognising their potential vulnerabilities.	International collaboration, in particular in Europe, is central, with France seeking to reposition the global centre of gravity for quantum technologies towards Europe. The strategy calls for leveraging European programmes (EuroHPC, EuroQCI) and bilateral partnerships to co-develop infrastructure and applications, and participating in joint projects and shared platforms, such as hybrid HPC–quantum computing testbeds.	France plans to build critical industrial value chains for quantum technologies, with a focus on producing Si-28 for silicon-based qubits. It also aims to become a leader in enabling technologies such as cryogenics, lasers, and low-noise electronics. Investment will be made in fabrication platforms and a national quantum metrology platform, addressing bottlenecks such as deployability and environmental resilience, while ensuring secure and competitive supply chains for industrial and research use.
Germany	Action Plan Quantum Technologies of the Federal Government (Version of April 26, 2023)	Federal Ministry of Education and Research	Apr-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Germany’s strategy sets mid- to long-term ambitions, highlighting significant national and EU investment and existing strengths in areas such as quantum sensing, while noting that quantum computing remains less developed. By 2026, Germany aims to build a 100-qubit scalable quantum computer, expanding to 500 qubits in the mid-term, and to be among the top three EU markets, comparable to the US and Japan, with 60 end-users of German-built systems. Goals for quantum sensing include five new market-ready products and optical clocks for Galileo satellites. In quantum communication, priorities are quantum-encrypted pathways for national institutions, strengthening start-ups and SMEs, testing quantum repeater links and QKD, and planning the transition to post-quantum systems.	The strategy identifies a potential lack of experts and know-how as well as migration of experts as a potential risk. Building a skiled workforce is therefore an important goal in the strategy, including ensuring that Germany is an attractive location for international researchers to practice research. This includes close cooperation with European partners. The strategy also includes awarness campagains and other initiatives targeted at younger generations and schools to ensure motivation and interest in the field. The strategy stresses close industry and academia cooperation.	Germany's strategy foresees citizen participation and engagement measures to build public understanding and support. Independent expert bodies are mentioned as a way of monitoring the development of quantum technologies, which, while not framed explicitly as an ethics mechanism, supports oversight and responsible use.	The strategy highlights the role of quantum technologies in addressing major societal challenges, including climate change, energy, mobility, health, AI and digitalisation, and geopolitical security. Raising technology readiness levels and boosting patent activity are among the strategy’s key objectives, underpinned by the creation of an accessible and cooperative quantum technology ecosystem. A strong emphasis is placed on knowledge and skills transfer from academia to industry, including through start-ups and spin-offs.	The strategy stresses the risks posed by quantum technologies for decryption, particularly in light of geopolitical conflicts and “store now, decrypt later” threats. It foresees significant progress in post-quantum communication, including the development of a transition strategy for ministries and other federal institutions to migrate their communications to post-quantum systems. This is closely tied to investment in enabling base technologies and surrounding infrastructure.	International collaboration is described as central to Germany’s strategy, especially within the EU. This includes initiatives such as CEN-CENELEC, EuroQCI, and the Framework Partnership Agreement for open testing and experimentation, all tied to the goal of European technological sovereignty. Germany also aims to play a leading role in setting international standards, with interoperability and global positioning of the German sector as priorities. Full-stack quantum computing development is to be pursued in close cooperation with EU partners, while other collaborations are foreseen in specific sectors such as space and through dedicated programmes like QuantERA.	The strategy emphasises development across the quantum supply chain as well as broader technology infrastructure such as fibre optic cables. Building and advancing enabling “base technologies” is given particular weight, ensuring the functionality of quantum systems. Standardisation efforts focus on developing infrastructure for independent quality assurance and qualification of quantum technologies.
India	National Quantum Mission (NQM)	Department Of Science & Technology	Apr-2023	Research and innovation leadership Applications, commercialisation and societal impact	India's National Quantum Mission (NQM) sets ambitious R&D targets, including the development of intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50–1,000 physical qubits within eight years. Other goals include satellite-based quantum communications, both within India and internationally, as well as inter-city quantum key distribution networks. The mission also prioritises quantum sensing, with applications such as high-precision magnetometers and atomic clocks for communications, navigation, and timing. Research will extend into advanced quantum materials, including superconductors, novel semiconductors, topological materials, and single-photon sources and detectors. To structure this activity, Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) will be created to advance both basic and applied research across these domains.			The mission is closely aligned with India’s broader development priorities, highlighting potential applications in communications, healthcare, finance, and energy. By stimulating commercialisation and fostering partnerships between academia, startups, and established firms, the mission seeks to ensure that quantum technologies move rapidly from research into real-world solutions that can deliver societal and economic benefits.
Ireland	Quantum 2030 - A National Quantum Technologies Strategy for Ireland: Putting Ireland in a Quantum Superposition	Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science	Nov-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Research and innovation are a central pillar of Ireland’s quantum strategy, which aims to consolidate Ireland’s position in both fundamental science and applied research. The strategy sets out to combine short-term, high-risk/high-gain projects with larger, long-term national and multi-partner investments. Enabling technologies are also recognised as critical, and will benefit from continued funding, building on Ireland’s strong existing research base. A virtual centre of excellence will be established to connect researchers, industry, and government partners.	Education and skills is one of the four main pillars of the strategy. Ireland aims to establish a sustained pipeline of talent, supported by a coherent national training framework to coordinate initiatives and share resources. The framework will also be used to identify and address skills gaps through targeted upskilling. Equity, diversity, and inclusion are highlighted as priorities in workforce development. Ireland intends to attract and retain international talent.	Public awareness and societal engagement form a cross-cutting pillar of the strategy. Ireland recognises the importance of creating a quantum-literate society, where both opportunities and risks are well understood. Public engagement exercises (including literacy programmes for schools) will be used to build trust and increase understanding of the real-world benefits of quantum technologies.	The strategy highlights potential use cases across different time horizons, including improved medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, underground mapping, and the development of a quantum internet. To accelerate adoption, the government will integrate quantum into its wider research and innovation programmes, help enterprises to scale beyond early-stage development, with support targeting issues such as IP management and technology transfer, and engage academia in commercialisation activities. In order to identify and test real-world use cases, developers will be encouraged to work closely with traditional industries and the public sector. Enterprises, particularly SMEs, will be supported to explore opportunities and better understand how quantum can be integrated into their activities. The public sector will be encouraged to strengthen its awareness of quantum, helping to align developments with wider national goals such as energy transition, climate action, and cybersecurity.		Ireland aims to maintain and deepen partnerships with the EU, USA, and UK; in particular, Ireland will participate in major European initiatives, including the Quantum Flagship. The strategy highlights the importance of talent, skills, and knowledge flowing across sectors and borders to support the growth of the ecosystem.	The strategy emphasies the need to maintain and expand infrastructure, ensuring that shared facilities are treated as national assets accessible to the whole ecosystem. Ireland also plans to participate in EU efforts to secure supply chains for critical quantum technologies. The long-term goal is to build capacity across the entire value chain, from materials through to software and algorithms, ensuring that Ireland contributes fully to the European and global quantum industry.
Italy	Italian Strategy for Quantum Technologies	Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy	Feb-2025	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Italy’s strategy identifies targeted goals across the full spectrum of quantum science (computing, simulation, communication, sensing, metrology, imaging, and enabling technologies). It highlights Italy’s strong academic base, widely distributed across universities and research institutes, but stresses that better coordination between research and industry is essential. Strategic recommendations call for aligning funding more effectively, attracting and retaining international talent, and creating stronger ecosystems to connect scientific excellence with industrial application. While Italy has internationally recognised strengths in quantum sensing and communication, quantum computing remains embryonic, with activity concentrated in photonic components and software. The strategy seeks to close these gaps through mission-oriented research and a focus on building capabilities across the entire technology stack.	Italy’s strategy sets the goal of developing a highly skilled, cross-disciplinary workforce that can sustain a competitive quantum ecosystem and feed new skills into the wider labour market. The main barriers are a relatively uncompetitive deep-tech labour market, persistent difficulties in retaining and attracting talent, and the risk of brain drain. At the same time, demand for interdisciplinary expertise is rising across physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, and engineering. To address these challenges, the strategy builds on Italy’s existing strengths: a nationwide network of universities and research institutes, a strong academic base, and an expanding set of master’s programmes. It proposes strengthening quantum education across all levels, creating joint curricula, supporting industrial PhDs, and offering advanced reskilling for professionals.	The strategy frames governance and public awareness as essential for building both capability and trust. It calls for investment in quantum literacy, exposing students and teachers early, raising awareness among enterprises, and ensuring diversity and gender balance in STEM. It also highlights the need to inform business leaders, accelerate startups, and build a broad public-private ecosystem. On governance, it proposes phased institutional reforms: first, the creation of a Permanent Committee on Quantum Technologies to improve agility and coordination; second, a National Quantum Hub with political, strategic, and operational layers; and ultimately, a Quantum Foundation to align public and private investment over the long term.	Potential use cases highlighted in the strategy span machine learning, pharmaceuticals, logistics, and finance, as well as applications in automotive, aerospace, energy, and healthcare. Quantum communication is positioned as the backbone of secure networks and a future quantum internet, while sensing and metrology are expected to deliver advances in diagnostics, navigation, environmental monitoring, and resource exploration. Several barriers to achieving translation and commercialisation are described in the strategy: few end-user firms are investing in quantum, high costs and long timelines hinder uptake, access to infrastructure is limited, and venture capital and procurement policies are poorly aligned with sector needs. To address these gaps, the strategy recommends building a collaborative public–private ecosystem that links research, industry, and institutions, supported by incubators, shared infrastructures, and targeted financial tools. It stresses that public–private action, integrated networks, and closer European coordination are essential to move beyond the pre-competitive phase and unlock the full economic potential of quantum applications across sectors.	The strategy warns that quantum computers could undermine today’s cryptographic protocols, exposing sensitive financial and personal data to “harvest now, decrypt later” attacks. Post-quantum cryptography is therefore emerging as a priority, alongside the development of quantum communication technologies. Italy already has strengths in startups and quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, but barriers such as high costs, long-distance limits, limited awareness, and the absence of clear standards and government guidelines hinder wider deployment. The lack of national foundries and insufficient fibre infrastructure for QKD further constrain progress, while heavy reliance on foreign components raises risks for sovereignty and resilience. To address these challenges, the strategy calls for strict standards and validation mechanisms to ensure reliability, safety, and trust in quantum-based communication and sensing systems.	Italy's strategy notes that progress towards fault-tolerant systems will require active cooperation between industry and research institutes across Europe, with rapid feedback cycles and co-design of the entire processing stack. The strategy calls for alignment with EU priorities, coordinated national planning, and secure supply chains for materials, components, and hardware, reducing dependence on non-EU suppliers. International collaboration is also framed as a way to expand innovation networks across academia, industry, defence, and startups.	Expanding infrastructure and securing supply chains are central to Italy’s strategy. It highlights opportunities across the value chain, from hardware and enabling technologies to middleware, algorithms, and end-user applications, but warns that supply chains are currently fragmented and dominated by SMEs and spin-offs. Government is expected to play a pivotal role in filling gaps, supporting European developers, and safeguarding strategic assets from hostile acquisitions. Coordination with the chip industry, foundries, and quantum infrastructures is seen as critical to building an integrated toolchain covering photonics, cryogenics, and superconducting electronics, supported by design tools, nanofabrication, industrial partnerships, and advanced testing. Monitoring supply chains over time, and ensuring secure access to key components such as dilution refrigerators, lasers, and high-vacuum systems, is treated as a strategic priority.
NATO	Summary of NATO's Quantum Technologies Strategy	NATO	Jan-2024	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	NATO recognises the dual-use nature of quantum technologies and calls for accelerated capability development to ensure a “quantum-ready Alliance.” The strategy emphasises the role of NATO’s Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA) and the NATO Innovation Fund (NIF) as central vehicles to coordinate investments, connect end users with defence industry leaders, and foster transatlantic cooperation in quantum research and innovation.	Talent is explicitly identified as a critical resource. The strategy stresses cooperation among allies in developing and protecting a skilled workforce, with coordinated training and retention efforts across the Alliance.	While noting that quantum technologies have fewer immediate ethical implications than areas like AI, NATO commits to principles of responsible innovation. Priorities include protecting data privacy, anticipating emerging international norms, and ensuring sustainability. Allies will have opportunities to shape positions, while the Data and AI Review Board (DARB) will advise on the intersection of quantum with broader data and AI governance.	The strategy identifies concrete defence-relevant applications of quantum technologies, including sensing for navigation and surveillance, secure communications through quantum key distribution, and the use of functional quantum computers to test cryptographic resilience. It also stresses the importance of advancing quantum-safe solutions across all operational domains (air, space, cyber, land, and maritime) to ensure that the Alliance maintains technological advantage while protecting against potential adversary use.	The strategy highlights the importance of protecting the Alliance against quantum-enabled threats alongside exploiting the technology’s advantages. Transitioning to quantum-safe cryptography is a priority, as is strengthening resilience against adversaries’ disinformation campaigns on quantum, supported by proactive strategic communications.	To become a 'quantum-ready Alliance', that can make use of technological advancement, the strategy stresses that NATO members and Allies should coordinate investments and technology development opportunities. A 'Transatlantic Quantum Community' is to be established, allowing engagement of governments, industry and academia across different innovation ecosystems. NATO aims to act as the primary transatlantic forum for quantum in defence and security, and to take a leading role in regulation, standardisation, and ensuring interoperability.	Allied nations are expected to review their supply chains and monitor adversarial investments or interference in their quantum ecosystems, to safeguard critical capabilities and maintain strategic resilience.
Netherlands	National Agenda for Quantum Technology	Quantum Delta Netherlands	Sep-2019	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy builds on existing national strengths in research, including Netherland's specialist centres in Amsterdam, Delft, and Eindhoven, and its various universities and knowledge institutions. One of the key action lines identifies a series of strategic research breakthroughs to be achieved across the stack, in areas such as qubit platforms, error correction, quantum simulation, remote entanglement, quantum algorithms, and post-quantum cryptography, among others. Research infrastructure and talent development are also flagged as crucial towards achieving the Netherland's ambition.	Developing talent is framed as a core driver of growth for the Nertherlands quantum technology ecosystem. The strategy promotes joint curricula and student exchanges, alongside initiatives such as hackathons and challenges to spark interest in quantum. It also calls for supporting teachers in introducing quantum into secondary education, createing new professorships and bursaries, and investing in community-building.	The strategy openly acknowledges the risks posed by quantum, from rising inequality and financial instability to new threats to privacy, surveillance, and geopolitical competition. As such, it calls for a broad societal dialogue on ethical, legal, and social aspects (ELSA) of quantum technology in order to build public understanding and trust and mitigate against such risks. This process will underpin the creation of ethical and legal frameworks for quantum, supported by international dialogue on responsible use.	The strategy traces the full value chain from basic research to societal benefit and commits to building markets for quantum products and services. The three catalyst (CAT) programmes - in computing and simulation, a national quantum network, and sensing applications - are designed to deliver early use cases and support social acceptance. Several instruments are cited in the strategy, including field labs that will provide practical environments where researchers and companies can co-develop, test, and validate solutions, and complementary measures such as tech-transfer support, startup incentives, open-access testbeds, and structured engagement with early adopters in industry and government.	Protecting data security is identified as a national priority. The strategy highlights the threat posed by quantum computers to public-key encryption and calls for directing research efforts towards breakthroughs in post-quantum cryptography to safeguard state, financial, and personal information. National sovereignty and security are also noted as drivers of the stratey (including independence from US/China).	The Netherlands recognises that national strength must be matched with international collaboration, and stresses that the democratic development of quantum technologies depends on shared standards for responsible use. The strategy seeks to strengthen the international profile of Quantum Delta and the Dutch ecosystem through active participation in EU initiatives and bilateral partnerships, while also encouraging deeper cooperation within the Netherlands itself.	Infrastructure investment is presented as a cornerstone of the strategy, with plans including new clean rooms, a national quantum computing facility, a multi-purpose 'House of Quantum', and a network of local centres. These facilities will be open to startups, companies, researchers, and students, enabling them to test, scale, and innovate. At the same time, the Netherlands will work through the EU to secure resilient supply chains for critical quantum technologies.
Singapore	National Quantum Strategy	National Quantum Office	May-2024	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact	Scientific excellence forms one of the four strategic thrusts of the strategy. To achieve this, the government will elevate the Centre for Quantum Technologies into a national centre, consolidating expertise across institutions to strengthen Singapore’s leadership. Engineering capabilities are treated as equally important, with thematic grant calls funding components, enabling technologies, and applications in communications and security, processors and computation, simulation, and sensing and metrology. A dedicated National Quantum Sensor Programme will coordinate work on positioning, navigation and timing, remote sensing, and biomedical and medical technologies, whereas processor development will advance through trapped ions, neutral atom arrays, photonics, and control electronics.	Talent development is another strategic focus of the strategy. The government will establish a National Quantum Scholarship Scheme to support a pipeline of up to 100 PhD researchers and 100 Master’s graduates, ensuring a steady flow of expertise into the ecosystem.		The strategy seeks to grow Singapore’s quantum ecosystem by fostering strong industry partnerships. National-level programmes will support local enterprises in adopting and commercialising quantum technologies, positioning Singapore as a hub for innovation and application in the field.
South Africa	Framework for quantum technology driven research and innovation in South Africa: the South African Quantum Technology Initiative (SA QuTI)	Department of Science and Innovation	Jan-2021	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation chains	SA QuTI builds on South Africa’s strengths in physics and chemistry research, but notes gaps in engineering capacity and the absence of strategic, long-term funding. To address these challenges, it directs activity into three flagship programmes in computing, communications, and metrology/sensing, each with specific performance targets. It also proposes seed funds for previously disadvantaged institutions to establish core activity in quantum research. To create critical mass, the initiative recommends adopting the “research chairs” model to anchor leadership in quantum science and technology.	The initiative recognises that a shortage of skilled professionals is one off the barriers to establishing a quantum technology economy in South Africa. The strategy was built on a needs analysis delivered through a set of surveys and bibliometric analyses to map the current state of researchers, students, and infrastructure, concluding that South Africa must build critical mass to sustain an ecosystem. The flagship programmes in quantum computing and communications are expected to contribute to workforce development, but dedicated education and training are also required, such as honours- and masters-level programmes. The strategy also notes the importance of educating stakeholders in government and industry on the opportunities quantum technologies can bring, and recommends delivering education and awareness-focused programmes to this end.	The document notes that South Africa currently lacks legislation specific to quantum technologies. SA QuTI recommends government interventions to support local economic clusters, establish rules and incentives for the adoption of quantum technologies, and formalise requirements for validation and certification.	SA QuTI places strong emphasis on building markets and commercial applications across multiple sectors. It identifies opportunities in high-tech industry, materials design, pharmaceuticals, financial services, logistics, manufacturing, cryptography, space, and maritime navigation. The initiative calls on government to act as the first adopter of quantum technologies, particularly in computing and communications, to de-risk the market for others. It highlights the need to develop industry in quantum communications, backed by uptake from end users in banking, finance, insurance, defence, and government. South Africa also sees potential to develop niche applications in quantum metrology for mining, industrial manufacturing, agriculture, defence, and food processing. The Quantum Computing Flagship is focused on applying quantum to problems specific to the South African context, such as quantum machine learning, chemistry, finance, and verification. To enable commercialisation, SA QuTI recommends establishing a seed fund and tackling barriers such as weak tech transfer from academia to industry.	The initiative frames quantum as both a risk and a solution for security. On one hand, quantum technologies threaten data privacy by undermining current encryption systems. On the other, they can help counter rising cyberattacks and secure cloud storage, financial services, and national communications. South Africa’s Quantum Communications Flagship focuses on developing secure information transmission through devices, protocols, hardware/software integration, and deployment. However, SA QuTI warns that a lack of regulation and customer awareness risks leaving South Africa unprepared.	SA QuTI acknowledges the intense global competition and significant investment in quantum worldwide. South Africa positions itself as a contributor to African collaboration through initiatives such as the Quantum Africa conference series, and has partnered with IBM to host the first major quantum initiative in Africa. It also sees opportunities for deeper engagement with BRICS partners and with the global academic community more broadly, in order to strengthen South Africa’s role in international research and industrial value chains.
South Korea	Korea's National Quantum Strategy	Ministry of Science and ICT	Jun-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy builds on Korea’s manufacturing and semiconductor leadership to drive the next wave of quantum R&D. One of the three strategic tasks - the “Quantum Jump” - calls for investement in mission-oriented research across computing, communication, and sensing, with specific targets such as achieving a 1,000-qubit reliable quantum computer by 2031, inter-city demonstrations of quantum networks, or developing advanced defence and space applications, among others. Other research goals target enabling technologies such as software and quantum Machine Learning (ML), R&D for applications in areas like cryptography, or quantum sensors for batteries, semiconductors, and medical devices, as well as sustaining fundamental research in areas like quantum information theory.	Workforce development is recognised as one of the most pressing challenges for Korea’s quantum ambitions. Despite a strong base of technically trained graduates, there is a shortage of specialists in quantum science and technology, compounded by intense international competition for talent. The strategy sets a target of training 2,500 experts by 2035 and lays out measures to achieve it. New graduate schools and academic research centres will expand domestic training capacity, supported by convergence projects that embed quantum expertise in other disciplines. Access to foundries and fabs will give researchers practical experience in device processing, while cluster development will link skills training with regional innovation hubs. To create long-term career opportunities in quantum, the government will stimulate job creation and incentivise greater participation from the private sector. It will also create opportunities for international mobility by supporting exchanges and overseas assignments. Talent pipelines will be strengthened at every stage of education, including by introducing quantum concepts in primary and secondary schools.		Korea intends to strategically use its strong ICT infrastructure and industrial base to act as a global testbed for quantum applications. Quantum is expected to boost efficiency in core industries such as semiconductors, batteries, and autonomous vehicles, while enabling breakthroughs in AI, biotech, and space exploration. Applications extend to national security, where quantum will play both defensive and offensive roles, as well as societal benefits such as medical imaging, drug development, climate prediction, and transportation optimisation. By 2035, Korea aims to capture 10% of the global quantum market and cultivate 1,200 quantum-enabled companies. The strategy supports commercialisation through co-development projects, quantum cloud services, startup financing, venture support programmes, and regulatory reforms. Public procurement, certification, and standardisation will also be leveraged, and dedicated quantum clusters and development zones will anchor entrepreneurship.	The strategy recognises the dual-use nature of quantum and its potential role in military competition, encryption-breaking, and advanced sensing. At the same time, it invests in defensive applications, including national deployment of quantum random number generators, secure communication protocols, and phased adoption of quantum cryptography. Military–private collaboration will be expanded, and a compliance verification system will underpin a government-led market for secure communications.	South Korea acknowledges intense global competition between the US, Europe, Japan, and China and aspires to rank fourth worldwide in market share by 2035. To achieve this, it will expand international cooperation through joint research, workforce exchanges, and bilateral and multilateral partnerships with governments and industry, particularly in the US and EU. Korea will also position itself within global supply chains while maintaining resilience against export control regimes, supported by a new strategic international cooperation system.	Infrastructure is an important component of the strategy, and calls for leveraging Korea’s strengths in semiconductors and manufacturing. The government will establish public quantum fabs and open-access infrastructure for researchers, developed through public–private collaboration. Domestic production of quantum components such as high-vacuum equipment and qubit control parts will be incentivised to reduce reliance on overseas suppliers. The strategy also addresses market hesitancy by providing shared facilities and incentives for firms to invest in quantum-enabling technologies. Ongoing monitoring of export control regimes will ensure supply chain security and adaptability.
Spain	Spain's Quantum Technologies Strategy (2025-2030)	Ministry for Digital Transformation and Public Function; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities	Apr-2025	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Spain's strategy supports both fundamental and applied research, with a focus on algorithm development, quantum–AI convergence, quantum machine learning, and quantum communications. It seeks to make Spain a European reference point in secure quantum communications and to demonstrate the impact of quantum sensors and metrology. Continued investment in basic science and public–private cooperation is paired with the integration of quantum goals into Spain’s broader industrial policy.	Talent development is one of the key priorities included in the strategy. To deliver this, the strategy proposes a series of initiatives, including specialised education programmes spanning computer science, quantum mechanics, and mathematics at all levels, interdisciplinary collaboration projects, certification methods such as micro-credentials, and practical training in real-world environments through industry partnerships. It also highlights the need to analyse industry training demands, create new professional profiles to fill specific gaps (e.g. lab technicians and experimentalists), and invest in attracting and retaining international talent. Supporting participation in STEM education and increasing gender equality in these fields are also emphasised.	The strategy underlines the importance of preparing society for quantum technologies, particularly in relation to security and privacy, with quantum data privacy framed as a digital right. The strategy calls for integrating ethical and social perspectives into education and training, ensuring responsible and trustworthy adoption of quantum solutions.	Commercialisation and industrial adoption are core objectives of the strategy. Spain will invest in infrastructure and industrial use cases, building on strengths in post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and communications while expanding into sensing and metrology, including through dual-use applications in navigation and defence. Some of the potential impacts the strategy seeks to capture include optimising electricity grid planning, advancing drug discovery, simulating climate risks, and developing sustainable catalysts. Despite this promise, several barriers make these application development and commercialisation a challenge - these include limited test infrastructure, weak entrepreneurial culture, high upfront costs, and underdeveloped venture capital markets at a European level. To address these, the strategy proposes initiatives such as incubators and testbeds for quantum spin-offs, stronger patent protection, industrial use case development programmes, leveraging existing financial instruments, and internationalisation support for Spanish quantum companies.	The strategy recognises that quantum computing poses risks to privacy, data security, and critical infrastructures. The strategy frames post-quantum privacy as a new digital right and calls for structured adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) across public administrations and critical sectors. Measures to facilitate this include financing hybrid quantum-resistant systems, supporting technology transfer in the field of PQC, innovative public procurement initiatives (e.g. purchasing pilot QKD satellites), national certification for quantum cybersecurity products, awareness campaigns, training programmes, and pilot projects.	Spain sees fragmentation both within its national ecosystem and across EU Member States as a barrier to competitiveness. The strategy calls for the creation of a national coordinating entity, ecosystem mapping, and stronger participation in European initiatives to foster collaboration, build consortia, and strengthen Spain’s role in EU quantum efforts.	Infrastructure development is one of the key priority areas of the strategy. Some of the actions included in the strategy include expanding and maintaining clean rooms, laboratories, and facilities within the Micronanofabs network. The strategy also seeks to strengthen key centres working on superconducting and semiconductor devices, photonics platforms, and enabling components, while aligning with the EU Chips Act and Spain’s PERTE Chip programme. Spain is investing across multiple quantum modalities (i.e. superconductors and annealing, trapped ions and neutral atoms, photonics, and quantum semiconductors) to reduce reliance on third countries. It also foresees industrial clusters linked to incubators and testbeds, monitoring of regional infrastructure needs, and enhanced integration with supercomputing and chip manufacturing facilities.
United Kingdom	National Quantum Strategy	Department for Science, Innovation and Technology	Mar-2023	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Governance, ethics and responsible innovation Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	Research and innovation leadership is anchored in the UK’s National Quantum Technologies Programme, which since 2014 has channelled substantial funding into research, hubs, and dedicated centres. The new strategy expands this model with mission-driven programmes, industry-led projects, accelerators, and further investment in fundamental science. The UK will support a diverse range of quantum computing hardware platforms alongside software, components and supply chains, while simultaneously developing advanced sensing and timing capabilities and exploring secure quantum communications that can also underpin networking for distributed quantum computing. Applications-focused hubs and challenge programmes aim to direct innovation toward areas of tangible societal and industrial benefit.	The UK's strategy places strong emphasis on talent, recognising that demand already outstrips supply and that global competition is intense. Building on the UK’s strong academic and industrial base, the strategy calls for expanding doctoral training, fellowships and technical pathways, including apprenticeships and technician routes that do not require a degree. A Quantum Skills Taskforce is set to coordinate efforts across government, academia and industry, while visa schemes and international talent networks will be leveraged to attract and retain expertise. Broader workforce literacy will also be fostered through microcredentials and industry placements, ensuring a pipeline of highly skilled professionals at all levels.	The strategy commits to establishing a regulatory and standards framework that is stable, agile, transparent and pro-innovation, and developed in close consultation with stakeholders. Regulatory testbeds and sandboxes will be used to trial approaches, while the UK will also push to shape international standards and participate in global discussions on ethical and secure deployment of quantum technologies.	Quantum technologies are expected to deliver impact across a broad spectrum of applications: from drug discovery and personalised medicine, to optimising national energy infrastructure, improving transport resilience through PNT, monitoring emissions, and strengthening cyber security. Yet commercialisation remains at an early stage, requiring long-term investment and patient support. To bridge this gap, the strategy funds application-oriented research hubs, accelerator programmes, and government procurement as a catalyst for demand. A central pillar is “Quantum for Societal Good”, which directs effort to health, environment, security and defence, and digital sectors.	The UK explicitly recognises that quantum presents both an opportunity and a risk, particularly given the threat to cryptography and critical national infrastructure. To manage this, the strategy promotes leadership in technical standards, assurance and regulatory design, ensuring secure and ethical use while safeguarding national security interests. Cyber security and quantum-safe cryptography are key areas of focus, with regulatory testbeds, standards bodies and multilateral engagement playing important roles.	International collaboration is seen as indispensable for knowledge exchange, joint research, and standard-setting, while also helping to align global approaches to security and ethics. The UK will expand bilateral and multilateral partnerships, invest in international R&D programmes, and position itself as a leader in global fora. At the same time, the strategy stresses the importance of maintaining sovereign capabilities and avoiding reliance on external access for critical technologies.	The UK strategy highlights infrastructure and supply chains as essential enablers of growth. Significant investment is planned to expand testing and evaluation facilities, pilot and demonstration platforms, and fabrication capabilities, ensuring technologies can be proven in real-world settings. The government will map national infrastructure needs, support open access for industry, and provision computing resources to researchers and businesses. At the same time, the strategy acknowledges exposure to global supply-chain risks and calls for efforts to strengthen domestic providers and diversify access.
United States of America	National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science	National Science & Technology Council	Sep-2018	Research and innovation leadership Education, skills and workforce development Applications, commercialisation and societal impact Security and privacy risks Global cooperation Infrastructure, access and supply chains	The strategy positions “getting the science right” as a core goal, emphasising the strengthening of federal research programmes, the distribution of competitive grants, and sustained support for long-term, high-risk projects. A Grand Challenge model is used to concentrate efforts on transformational problems, while coordination across disciplines is highlighted as essential. The strategy promotes interdisciplinary collaboration through consortia, research centres, and multi-agency initiatives that connect physics, computer science, engineering, and other fields.	The strategy emphasises workforce development as critical to US leadership in quantum. The strategy calls for framing quantum science and engineering as a discipline in its own right, with dedicated education tracks extending from K–12 to postgraduate levels. Programmes such as fellowships, internships, and industry–academia partnerships are highlighted as ways to expand career pathways and align training with demand. The strategy also underlines the need to systematically track workforce needs, broaden participation, and reach underrepresented groups.		The strategy prioritises enhancing competitiveness as one of its primary goals. The strategy tasks a National Quantum Consortium with convening stakeholders from industry, government, and academia to accelerate technology transfer, coordinate investment, and foster pre-competitive research. Public procurement and early engagement with end users are positioned as mechanisms to stimulate adoption, while defence applications are identified as parallel drivers. The strategy highlights partnerships and challenge-based funding as tools to bridge the gap between research and commercial deployment, with the aim of maintaining US competitiveness in global markets.	The strategy identifies technology security as a central pillar, underscoring the national security implications of quantum, particularly the threat to cryptographic systems. It calls for consistent approaches to classification and export controls, alongside efforts by federal agencies to deepen their understanding of risks across domains. The high potential for military applications reinforces the importance of vigilance over supply chains, trade, and international transfers.	The strategy frames international cooperation as essential but selective, focusing on deepening ties with like-minded governments and industry partners in areas such as standards, open science, and joint research. At the same time, the US is positioned as advancing domestic leadership, monitoring global developments to identify gaps and opportunities. Attracting global talent and leveraging collaborations are emphasised as key to sustaining competitiveness.	The strategy highlights the provision of critical infrastructure as a priority, including end-user testbeds, training facilities, and access to both quantum and classical hardware. Federal investment will reinforce fabrication, measurement, and prototyping capabilities, while leveraging existing supercomputing and manufacturing resources. Broader supply-chain vulnerabilities are acknowledged, particularly secure access to critical minerals and classical hardware components, which are described as foundational for scaling quantum technologies.

Source: RAND Europe analysis.

Click here to view an interactive version of the national strategies table with filter options.

Why map national quantum strategies?

Systematically mapping national quantum technology strategies across the globe, with particular attention to developments in key domains such as the QTOPS policy areas, is a valuable exercise for several reasons, especially in the context of policymaking, strategic planning and international cooperation. Here are some of the key benefits.

Global visibility: Understanding global commitment and the scale and diversity of different countries’ resource allocations towards quantum technology, including, for example, research funding, infrastructure and other investments and active support measures.

Comparative analysis: Comparing how different countries approach quantum technology development and their respective strategic priorities. For example, who is prioritising security and dual use concerns? Who is emphasising workforce development or international cooperation?

Transparency and accessibility: Making complex strategy data accessible to a wide range of stakeholders – from policymakers and researchers to industry leaders and the public. This transparency could foster engagement and accountability.

Strategic decision support: Allowing for the identification of gaps, overlaps and emerging trends, and supporting more informed decisions (e.g. about where to allocate resources, how to align national efforts with global developments, and which areas may benefit from targeted interventions or partnerships).

Longitudinal insights: Tracking the trajectory of the world’s interest in quantum technology and how this might shift over time, revealing which policy areas – such as skills, governance or infrastructure – are gaining prominence and how countries adapt their strategies in response to technological and geopolitical changes.

Do you have an update or new entry that we could include in our database? Get in touch with us at qtops@randeurope.org.

How did we develop these tools?

Our approach to identifying national quantum technology strategies involved an iterative mapping process, which combined targeted country searches online, insights from our previous research and consultation of other databases such as the QURECA’s Quantum Initiatives Worldwide.

Numerous government-supported documents, programmes, specialised organisations and other initiatives exist in relation to quantum technology. Deciding what counts as a national strategy is less than straightforward, as there is no commonly agreed definition or standard practice. To make our selection of national strategies, we drew on existing work in domains like AI, including the OECD’s approach to mapping AI national strategies and CIFAR’s 2022 analysis of national quantum strategies (which takes a broader remit than we do here). The criteria we used to select national strategies included:

Legitimacy: Does the strategy come from a legitimate source that represents broad government consensus (rather than originating from a single institution)?

Vision: Does the strategy articulate a meaningful vision and set of goals related to the role that quantum technology can play in a country’s development (rather than simply state a country’s intention to invest in quantum technology)?

Operationalisation: Does the strategy only express intent, or does it include at least some concrete steps, instruments or resources for its implementation?

Our analysis of each strategy followed QTOPS’s seven policy areas framework we use more broadly in our Observatory, which was itself developed iteratively following an initial round of broader strategy content analysis. The content analysis was conducted by a team of RAND researchers and validated internally in a workshop. We employed team members with relevant language skills where strategies were not available in English (we acknowledge that we may have omitted some strategies since our search strategy was conducted in English). To create the interactive maps of quantum national strategies, we used OpenStreetMap as the base map. If you are aware of a national strategy that we may have missed, or more generally would like to discuss our research in QTOPS further, please contact us at qtops@randeurope.org.

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National quantum strategies

Showcasing national visions and policies for a quantum future

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Why map national quantum strategies?

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Digital Transformation

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